![]() Host cells are also known to produce autoinducer mimics. There is increasing evidence that quorum sensing controls key physiological processes in the gut and may affect the virulence programmes of invading pathogens. For example, bacterial species in the human gut microbiota produce and respond to autoinducers. Quorum sensing shapes the composition of microbial communities. ![]() Processes such as bioluminescence, the production of virulence factors and the formation of biofilms are controlled by quorum sensing. Signal integration is a process that takes place in most Gram-negative bacteria when several autoinducers and receptors work in parallel, or in series, to synchronize functions that are controlled by quorum sensing. Other features, such as positive and negative feedback loops and small regulatory RNAs, optimize the integration of the autoinducer-encoded information and provide ideal quorum sensing dynamics. Quorum sensing receptors are either membrane-bound histidine sensor kinases or cytoplasmic transcription factors.Īutoinduction occurs when the detection of autoinducers induces the increased production of the same autoinducer molecule, forming a feed-forward regulatory loop. Autoinducers interact with specific receptors to elicit behaviours that are controlled by quorum sensing. In Gram-negative bacteria, autoinducers are often produced from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Group-wide detection of autoinducers enables bacteria to collectively execute behaviours.Īutoinducers are small molecules that control quorum sensing. Quorum sensing involves the production, release and detection of extracellular signalling molecules known as autoinducers. Quorum sensing is a cell–cell communication process that enables bacteria to obtain information about cell density and species composition of the vicinal community and adjust their gene expression profiles accordingly. ![]()
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